| Re: Arbeiten von Walter RITZ (Schweiz) |
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Ekkehard Friebe schrieb am 31.12.2005 um 07:19 Uhr:
| Zitat: |
Walter RITZ (Schweiz) lebte von 1878 bis 1909. Er hat ganz wichtige Arbeiten zur Kritik der Albert EINSTEIN zugeschriebenen Relativit?tstheorie hinterlassen in:
RITZ, W. (1911): "Gesammelte Werke (Oeuvres)", Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris.
Die meisten Arbeiten von RITZ sind in franz?sischer Sprache geschrieben, so da? sie der Aufmerksamkeit der f?hrenden Physiker in Deutschland im wesentlichen entgangen sind. Jetzt stehen die wichtigsten Arbeiten in englischer Sprache im Internet zur Verf?gung, . . . . |
Nachstehend bringe ich einen Beitrag von Robert S. Fritzius mit einer ?bersetzung einer Arbeit von Walter RITZ aus dem Jahre 1908:
[Copyright ? 1980, 2000 Robert S. Fritzius. Installed February 24, 2000]
http://www.datasync.com/~rsf1/crit/1908b.htm
| Zitat: |
CRITICAL RESEARCHES ON GENERAL ELECTRODYNAMICS
WALTER RITZ
Translated (1980) from Recherches critiques sur l'?lectrodynamique G?n?rale,
Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Vol. 13, p. 145, 1908.
INTRODUCTION
Annales 145 (Oeuvres 317)
Electric and electrodynamic phenomena have acquired in the course of these last years more and more importance. They include Optics, the laws of radiation and the innumerable molecular phenomena associated with the presence of charged centers, ions and electrons. Finally, with the notion of electromagnetic mass, Mechanics itself seems obliged to become a chapter of General Electrodynamics. In the form given to it by H. A. Lorentz, Maxwell's theory would thus become the turning point towards a new conception of nature, where the laws of electrodynamics, considered as primary, would contain the laws of motion as special cases and would play the fundamental role in the physical theories which, until now, have belonged to Mechanics.
Under these circumstances, it is plainly desirable to have a rigorous criticism of the foundations of this theory, to give it the degree of clarity and precision that Mechanics itself reached only recently after much controversy. It is in order to ask which hypotheses are essential and can be deduced from observations, which others are logically useless or can be discarded without experience ceasing to be adequately represented, and finally, which are those which can be, and should be (Oeuvres 31 rejected; a question which is asked principally in regard to absolute motion.
Annales 146
In the first part of his Lessons on Electricity and Optics [H. POINCAR?, Electricite et Optique: La lumiere et les theories electrodynamiques; 2nd ed, Paris 1901.] Poincar? devoted some classic pages to the criticism of the more or less distinctive theories of Maxwell himself and of Hertz; therefore I will concern myself only with the form that the theory took in the hands of Lorentz, a form that presents well known advantages. Some of his results can easily be extended to the other theories. Here again, I only have to recall or to complete the ideas put forward by Poincar? and more importantly by Lorentz who was well aware of the different aspects under which his theory could be interpreted.
In general, I set aside the phenomena of molecular order, dependent on the corpuscular theory of electricity: this fruitful concept is evidently independent, in large part, of ideas that we can develop about the mode of action of electric charges on one another via the ether medium, which are more specifically the object of electrodynamic equations.
The result of these researches has not been favorable to the existing theories. The discussions about the difficulties that they raise show that the difficulties have a common origin intimately linked to the concept of ether, which is the basis of all these theories. We will see specifically that:
1. From a strictly logical point of view, the electric and magnetic forces, which, in appearance, play in the theory a role so fundamental are notions that we can eliminate entirely; they only contain in reality the relations of space and time: we thus return to the old elementary actions, with this sole difference that they are no longer instantaneous.
Annales 147
2. The theory [Maxwell-Lorentz.] permits an infinite number of solutions, each satisfying all the conditions, but incompatible with experience and even leading for example to perpetual motion. To remove these solutions we must admit by hypothesis formulae for retarded potentials. These formulae introduce irreversibility in electrodynamics (Oeuvres 319) whereas the general equations permit reversibility. I show that, contrary to accepted ideas, that they can't be deduced from a proper specialization of the initial state. They constitute a new hypothesis, making useless the partial differential equations. To clarify this hypothesis it is necessary to distinguish the elementary actions; it is to renounce Maxwell's fundamental idea of rejecting them.
3. The notion of localization of energy in the ether is vague and allows many simple solutions.
4. The Impossibility, described by Maxwell, to reduce gravitation to the same notions. That the negative energy involved would correspond to an unstable system, shows that these ideas do not have general applicability to the forces of nature.
5. Action and reaction are not equal, and this inequality, in the manner in which it is deduced from the introduction of absolute velocities, is contrary to experience.
6. Kaufmann's experiments on the electric and magnetic deviability of beta rays of radium don't prove that the mass of electrons is entirely of electromagnetic origin, and dependent on their absolute velocity, because on the first hand, nothing obliges us to believe, as in Lorentz's theory, that the forces are linear functions of velocity, (this may be true at small velocities), and that, on the other hand, one of Trouton and Noble's experiments shows that the expression of electromagnetic momentum
Annales 148
as a function of velocity from which Abraham has deduced the one of electromagnetic mass is certainly inexact.
7. The theory of Maxwell and of Lorentz starts from a system of absolute coordinates, that is to say, independent of all motions of matter. In order to be in agreement with experimental results, which have always, in Optics and Electrodynamics, as well as in Mechanics, confirmed the principle of relative motions, we are obliged, then, to eliminate this absolute system by hypotheses of little credibility, thus eliminating the notion of solid bodies, and the concept of the invariability of ponderable masses. It will be necessary also, to change the principles of Kinematics, to consider the rule of the velocity parallelogram just as a first approximation, valid at small speeds, (Oeuvres 320) and to make time and simultaneity completely relative notions.
It would be regrettable, for the economy of our thinking if we had to live with all the complications listed above. I think, that instead of Kinematics, it will be the ether hypothesis, and with it, the representation of phenomena by partial differential equations, that must be abandoned. The necessity to explain why bodies do not meet any resistance from the ether as they pass through it, and the fact that they do not modify its state, and many other considerations, have created a simple physical space out of Fresnel's mechanical ether, perfectly penetrable by matter, a system of absolute coordinates. The ether is now only a mathematical abstraction and its elimination would only be the final phase of a long evolution.
(Zitatende) |
Lesen Sie bitte weiter unter:
http://www.datasync.com/~rsf1/crit/1908b.htm
und
http://www.datasync.com/~rsf1/crit/1908a.htm
Beste Gr??e Ekkehard Friebe
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